What are the best practices for designing scalable RESTful APIs?
The best practices include using resource-oriented design, implementing pagination and filtering, versioning APIs, proper status code usage, minimizing payload size, leveraging caching strategies, and maintaining thorough documentation.
How to handle authentication and authorization in RESTful APIs securely?
Authentication and authorization in RESTful APIs are commonly handled using OAuth2, JWT (JSON Web Token), API keys, and HTTPS for securing transmissions. Implementing role-based access controls and regularly rotating credentials further enhances security.
What are the strategies to design RESTful APIs that efficiently handle heavy data traffic?
Strategies include implementing efficient caching, load balancing, rate limiting, asynchronous processing, optimizing database queries, and partitioning endpoints to reduce payload size. Using CDN and batching requests also boosts efficiency.
What advanced features of Node.js are leveraged in large-scale server-side applications?
Advanced features include worker threads, cluster module for multi-core utilization, asynchronous event-driven architecture, streams for handling large data, and the use of modern ES6+ syntax. Profiling and monitoring tools are also utilized for performance tuning.
How to implement error handling and logging in Node.js back-end applications?
Error handling typically involves structured try/catch blocks, custom error classes, centralized error middleware, and robust logging using tools like Winston or Bunyan. Errors are logged with adequate metadata to ensure traceability.
What database management techniques are used to ensure data integrity and high availability?
Techniques include using ACID-compliant transactions, replication, sharding, regular backups, indexing, connection pooling, and strict schema validation. High availability is achieved with automated failovers, clustering, and read replicas.
What are the approaches to optimize database queries in a Node.js environment?
Approaches include leveraging proper indexing, denormalization where appropriate, using query builders or ORMs efficiently, caching frequent queries, and monitoring with query profilers. Batch operations and transactions are used for efficiency.
How to structure a Node.js project for maintainability and testability?
A maintainable Node.js project follows modular architecture, separation of concerns, use of environment variables, dependency injection, use of linters, and comprehensive unit/integration tests. Folder structure should logically separate controllers, services, and data-access layers.
What are the key factors in choosing between SQL and NoSQL databases for back-end systems?
Key factors include data consistency requirements, scalability, complexity of queries, data structure (structured vs unstructured), transaction volume, and support for ACID compliance. SQL is preferable for complex relationships and transactions; NoSQL suits high-volume, scalable, schemaless data.
What tools and methods are used for monitoring and profiling server-side applications in Node.js?
Tools such as New Relic, PM2, Node.js built-in profiler, and application logs are used for monitoring and profiling. Methods include measuring response times, memory usage, CPU usage, and identifying bottlenecks through sampling and tracing techniques.
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